5 Mar 2010

Top 50 European Directors Currently Working 50-41

So after much careful deliberation, we here at LastSite have compiled a list of the greatest European directors currently working within the field. Each has been rated and the results are a comprehensive top 50. Directors are scored by their average IMDB score (all their film scores divided by total films), the amount of awards they have won and been nominated for and finally three categories judged by LastSite (Style, Originality, and Filmography, that being the strengh of their entire body of work) Obviously they'll be some disagreement so feel free to comment. Hopefully similar lists will be compiled for the rest of the world.



All profiles taken from either IMDB, The Auteurs or Wikipedia.
*Awards and nominations compiled from the following awarding bodies: Cannes, Sundance, Berlin Film Festival, Venice Film Festival, Toronto Film Festival, Academy Awards, BAFTAs, Golden Globes and European film institute awards.

50. Mia Hansen-Love (France, 1981)

IMDB Profile:

Cinema came into Mia Hansen-Løve's life when she was eighteen, as Olivier Assayas made her start as an actress in Fin août, début septembre (1998). Two years later he gave her the part of Aline in his Les destinées sentimentales (2000). Their artistic collaboration was coupled by a union in real life, Mia and Olivier becoming life companions. In 2001, Mia Hansen-Løve began studying at the municipal Conservatory of Dramatic Arts in Paris' 10th district but she dropped our after two years to contribute instead to the famous film magazine "Les Cahiers du Cinéma", where Olivier Assayas also wrote. In 2001, she tried her hand at directing and as of the first day of shooting discovered that this WAS what she wanted to do. The result was Après mûre réflexion (2004). Since then, although aged only twenty-eight, she has already made two more films, _Tout est pardonné (2007)_ and Le père de mes enfants (2009), both acclaimed by the critics, both showing consistent thematic and stylistic unity.

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):

(7.33) - Le père de mes enfants (2009) 
(6.53) - Tout est pardonné (2007)

Trade Mark: Films focus on issues of broken families
Last Site Favorite Film: All Is Forgiven
Upcoming: None known as yet

Average IMDB Rating: 6.93
Awards: 1
Nominations: 0
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 16
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 11
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 10
Total: 44.93


49. Chris Kraus (Germany, 1963)

Wiki Profile:

Chris Kraus was employed as a journalist and illustrator before attending the Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin from 1991-98, where he studied film directing. Beginning in 1994, he worked as a dramatic advisor and screenplay writer for directors Volker Schlöndorff, Rosa von Praunheim, and Detlev Buck, among others.[1]
In 2002 his first novel was published, titled Scherbentanz (Shattered Glass). He then also made a film based on this book, with the help of Margit Carstensen and Jürgen Vogel. The story has to do with the relationship between a young man who suffers from Leukemia and his mother, who herself suffers with alcoholism.[2] In 2006 Kraus made his second feature film, Four Minutes, starring Monica Bleibtreu, Hannah Herzsprung and Nadja Uhl. Even before its official premiere in February, 2007, this film gained a great deal of attention at international film festivals. Its story centers on a musically talented young woman serving time in prison for murder.[3]
Chris Kraus lives in Berlin,[4] and gives regular academic lectures on filmmaking.[5]

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):

(7.41) - Scherbentanz (2002) 
(7.30) - Vier Minuten (2006)

Trade Mark: Dialogue focused films
Last Site Favorite Film: Four Minutes
Upcoming: Poll (2010)

Average IMDB Rating: 7.34
Awards: 0
Nominations: 0
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 14
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 16
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 8
Total: 45.34


48. Guillaume Canet (France, 1973)

IMDB Profile:

Guillaume Canet is a top actor in France. Son of horse breeders, the young man spent his childhood in the countryside near Paris. In his youth, Guillaume wanted to be a horse-rider, and briefly followed a professional career in the sport. A bad fall broke his dreams, but is at the origin of his acting career, and success. After briefly studying acting, he started his career with the success we know. Often cast in roles of naive young men, Canet knew how to be hired for other parts. Chiseled features and real talent brought him to stardom quite soon. Eclectic and moving, Canet is also a successful director, who has worked with his wife Diane Kruger. A star in France, well-known in continental Europe, Guillaume could become easily one of the greatest actors of the next decade.

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):

(7.60) - Ne le dis à personne (2006)
(6.80) - J'peux pas dormir... (2000)
(6.22) - Mon idole (2002)

Trade Mark: 1st an actor then a director, films tend to have strong character performances
Last Site Favorite Film: Tell No One
Upcoming: Little White Lies (2010)

Average IMDB Rating: 6.83
Awards: 0
Nominations: 1
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 14
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 15
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 9
Total: 45.83

47. Andrea Arnold (UK, 1961)

Auteurs Profile:
Andrea Arnold (born April 5, 1969) is an Academy Award-winning filmmaker and former actress from England, who made her feature length directorial debut in 2006 with Red Road.
Arnold first came to prominence as an actress and television presenter alongside Sandi Toksvig, Nick Staverson and Neil Buchanan in the 1980s children’s television show No. 73. This Saturday morning show on ITV, in which she played Dawn Lodge, had a similar premise to that of The Kumars at No. 42 in the way that the show was part sitcom, part chat show and based at a domestic residence. In addition to these parts, the show had the usual mix of music, competitions and cartoons (such as Roger Ramjet) that was in keeping to the formula of British Saturday morning children’s TV of the 1980s.
In 1988 No. 73 had morphed into 7T3, with the set being moved from the Maidstone house (in fact in TVS studios in Kent) to that of a theme park. This revamp would only last the season, but Andrea would be seen for another two years in the same timeslot as part of the Motormouth presenting team. In 1990 she presented and wrote for the environmental awareness show for teens, A Beetle Called Derek. This also featured Benjamin Zephaniah and gave exposure to The Yes/No People of Stomp fame.
The Dartford native put her days presenting children’s TV well behind her when she won an Oscar for her gritty, live-action short film, Wasp, in 2004.
Red Road is the first instalment of Advance Party, a planned set of three conceptually-related films by different first-time directors. Set on a grim, windswept housing estate in Glasgow, the revenge-themed story centres on a CCTV (security TV cameras) operator who develops an obsession with someone she observes, for reasons that become clear through the progress of the film. The picture has won the British director comparisons with established names such as Michael Haneke and Lars von Trier. Screen International critic Allan Hunter said the film was “likely to emerge as one of the discoveries of this year’s Cannes Film Festival (2006).” It went on to win the Jury Prize at Cannes that year.
Arnold won the 2007 BAFTA for Best Newcomer for directing Red Road.
Her 2009 film, Fish Tank, was selected to compete in the main competition at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival.

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):
(7.60) - Fish Tank (2009) 
(7.49) - Wasp (2003)
(6.81) - Red Road (2006)

Trade Mark: Fan of Tarkovsky's spiritual approach
Last Site Favorite Film: Fish Tank
Upcoming: Wuthering Heights (2010)

Average IMDB Rating: 7.3
Awards: 6
Nominations: 3
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 12
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 10
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 9
Total: 47.30

46. Christophe Honore (France, 1970)

Wiki Profile:

After moving to Paris in 1995, he wrote articles in the "Les Cahiers du Cinéma." He started writing soon-after. His 1996 book Tout contre Léo (Close to Leo) talks about HIV and is aimed at young adults; he made it into a movie in 2002. He wrote other books for young adults throughout the late 1990s. His first play, Les Débutantes, was performed at Avignon's Off Festival in 1998. In 2005, he returns to Avignon to present his latest creation, Dionysos impuissant, in the "In" Festival; Joana Preiss and Louis Garrel, who has acted in a number of Honoré films, played the leads.
A well-known director, he is considered an "auteur" in French Cinema. His 2006 film "Dans Paris" has led him to be considered by French critics as the heir to the Nouvelle Vague Cinema. In 2007, Les Chansons d'amour was one of the films selected to be in competition at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.[1] Some of his movies or screenplays (like Les filles ne savent pas nager, Dix-sept fois Cécile Cassard and Les Chansons d'amour) deal with gay or lesbian relations.
Honoré has been the screenwriter for some of Gaël Morel's films. He has also directed Romain Duris in two different films.

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):

(7.19) - Tout contre Léo (2002) (TV)
(7.09) - Les chansons d'amour (2007)
(6.77) - La belle personne (2008)
(6.30) - Dans Paris (2006)
(5.99) - 17 fois Cécile Cassard (2002)
(5.23) - Ma mère (2004)

Trade Mark: Uses trademarks of the French New wave combined with modern techniques
Last Site Favorite Film: Les Chansons D'amour
Upcoming: None known as yet

Average IMDB Rating: 6.44
Awards: 0
Nominations: 1
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 17
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 13
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 10
Total: 47.44

45. Tomas Alfredson (Sweden, 1965)

Auteurs Profile:

Tomas Alfredson started his movie career by working as an assistant at Svensk Filmindustri. He spent a couple of years directing music videos and another couple of years starting up Swedish television…( read more) channel TV4. At TV4 Tomas was part of building the entertainment department and initiated several long term successes such as “Fort Boyard”.
After his time at TV4 Tomas spent the next few years at SVT, the Swedish public broadcaster, with popular television series such as “Ikas TV-kalas” and entertainment show “7 till 9” together with legendary television producer Bo Rehnberg. In the early nineties Tomas directed his first television series for SVT´s drama department, “Bert”, a hugely successful family entertainment series. When the popular character was taken to the big screen in 1995 in Bert – den siste oskulden (Bert – The Last Virgin), Tomas was nominated to a Guldbagge Award for best director (the official Swedish film award, awarded annually since 1964 by the Swedish Film Institute).
By the end of the nineties Tomas became part of Killinggänget (a Swedish comedy group consisting of Sweden’s most prominent comedians) when he worked on their production Fyra små filmer (Four Little Films), four one-hour long, free standing films. The media satire Gunnar Rehlin – en liten film om att göra någon mycket illa, the romantic comedy Ben och Gunnar, the film about the world’s worst documentary filmmaker På sista versen and finally the mocumenatry Torsk på Tallinn that has become a television classic, winning both Swedish and international awards.
The collaboration with Killinggänget continued with the stage production “Glenn Killing på Grand – lite sång, lite dans, lite naket” and the next year the humorous web site “Spermaharen”. In 2004 Tomas directed Four Shades of Brown which was Killinggängets first feature film. The film was won four Guldbagge awards and Tomas was awarded best director. In the fall of 2009 Tomas will make his debut as a director at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm together with Killinggänget.
Tomas Alfredson has also had a long collaboration with author Klas Östergren which started with the critically acclaimed series “Offer och gärningsmän”, and a few years later “Soldater i månsken”. Most recently they created the 2006 Christmas calendar television show “En decemberdröm” for SVT. During 2007 Tomas directed Hur tänker hon? featuring comedian Johan Rheborg and sold out at Lisebergsteatern, Rival , China teatern and Circus.
Less known facts about Tomas are his cooking talents and that he was an awkward sing-along host together with Jonas Gardell at Vasateatern.
In 2001 Tomas Alfredson was awarded the price of the Swedish Film Critic Association and the scholarship of the Elisabet Sörenson memorial foundation

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):

(8.10) - Låt den rätte komma in (2008) 
(7.49) - Fyra nyanser av brunt (2004)
(4.92) - Kontorstid (2003)

Trade Mark: Blue filter
Last Site Favorite Film: Let The Right One In
Upcoming: Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (2010/2011)

Average IMDB Rating: 6.84
Awards: 0
Nominations: 2
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 18
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 16
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 7
Total: 49.84

44. Arnaud Desplechin (France, 1960)

Wiki Profile:

Arnaud Desplechin is the son of Robert and Mado Desplechin, and grew up in the Nord department. He has a brother named Fabrice who has acted in several of his films, and two sisters: novelist Marie Desplechin and screenwriter Raphaëlle Desplechin.
Arnaud Desplechin studied film directing at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle, graduating in 1984. He made three short films inspired by the work of the Belgian novelist Jean Ray, and became a great admirer of the films of Alain Resnais. During the late 1980s, Desplechin worked as a director of photography on several films.
In 1990, Desplechin directed La Vie des morts, starring several actors who would go on to appear in multiple Desplechin films, such as Marianne Dénicourt, Emmanuelle Devos, Emmanuel Salinger and Thibault de Montalembert. The 54-minute-long film won the Jean Vigo Prize for Short Films, and was shown at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival.
Desplechin's first feature-length movie, La Sentinelle, premiered in 1992 at Cannes,[1]La vie des morts as well as Mathieu Amalric, Chiara Mastroianni, and Lászlo Szabó, who have also become frequent Desplechin collaborators. Desplechin's 1996 film Comment je me suis disputé... (ma vie sexuelle) was a critical success and established Desplechin as an important director for the 1990s. Some journalists talk about the "Desplechin generation" to describe this era of French cinema. starring several actors from
In 2000, Desplechin made his first English-language film, Esther Kahn, adapted from a short story by Arthur Symons. It starred Summer Phoenix in the title role, as a Jewish-English girl. The film was seen as a homage to François Truffaut's work because it deals with coming of age (a favorite Truffaut theme) and uses the New Wave cinema techniques that Truffaut pioneered.
Three years later, Desplechin made two films adapting Edward Bond's play In the Company of Men: one showing 70% rehearsal footage and 30% of the film itself; and the other with inverse proportions. The next year, he directed Kings and Queen, which mixed comedy and tragedy to tell the story of two ex-lovers played by Amalric and Devos. The film also starred Catherine Deneuve in the role of a psychiatrist. Kings and Queen was nominated for several awards and Amalric won the César Award for Best Actor. However, controversy arose when actress Marianne Denicourt, Desplechin's ex-girlfriend, accused him of revealing elements of her private life in the screenplay of Kings and Queen. In 2005, she published Mauvais génie[2]. In 2007, Desplechin filmed L'Aimée, a documentary showing his father, his brother, and his nephews in the family house in Roubaix just before it was to be sold. That same year, he filmed the family drama Un conte de Noël, starring Deneuve, Amalric, Devos, and Mastroianni. This film was screened in competition at Cannes in 2008. ("Evil Genius"), describing her relationship with an unscrupulous film director called "Arnold Duplancher." She sued Desplechin for 200,000 euros in 2006 but lost her trial

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):

(7.19) - Un conte de Noël (2008) 
(7.19) - Rois et reine (2004)
(6.97) - Un monde sans pitié (1989)
(6.85) - La vie des morts (1991)
(6.61) - Esther Kahn (2000)
(6.44) - La sentinelle (1992)

Trade Mark: Tries to represent the styles of the French New Wave
Last Site Favorite Film: Christmas Tale
Upcoming: None known as yet

Average IMDB Rating: 6.78
Awards: 1
Nominations: 5
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 15
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 13
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 11
Total: 51.78

43. Pedro Costa (Portugal, 1959)

Auteurs Profile:

Pedro Costa (born 1959) is a Portuguese film director. He is acclaimed for using his ascetic style to depict the marginalised people in desperate living situations. Many of his films are set in a district of Lisbon inhabited by the socially disadvantaged and shot in a natural and low-key way that makes them resemble documentaries. While studying history at University of Lisbon, Costa switched to film courses at School of Theatre and Cinema (Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema). After working as an assistant director to several directors such as Jorge Silva Melo and João Botelho, he made a first feature film O Sangue (The Blood) in 1989. He collected the France Culture Award (Foreign Cineaste of the Year) at 2002 Cannes International Film Festival for directing the film No Quarto da Vanda (In Vanda’s Room). Juventude em Marcha (Youth on the March, known as “Colossal Youth” in Anglophone countries, and “En avant, jeunesse” – “Onward, Youth” – in Francophone countries) was selected for the Cannes Film Festival in 2006 and earned the Independent/Experimental prize (Los Angeles Film Critics Assossiation) in 2008.

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):

(8.13) - No Quarto da Vanda (2000) 
(7.44) - O Sangue (1989)
(7.22) - Casa de Lava (1994)
(7.13) - Ossos (1997)
(6.95) - O Estado do Mundo (2007)
(6.88) - Juventude Em Marcha (2006)

Trade Mark: Low key style of shooting films
Last Site Favorite Film: Colossal Youth
Upcoming: None as yet

Average IMDB Rating: 7.37
Awards: 1
Nominations: 3
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 13
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 15
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 12
Total: 51.37

42. Oliver Hirschbiegel (Germany, 1957)

IMDB Profile:



Born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1957. In his teens he left high school and worked as a cooker in a boat.

Then he studied painting and graphism in the Academy of arts in Hamburg where he also started experimenting with video and photography. Those experimental movies attracted the attention of some producers of the German TV.

Hirschbiegel became popular thanks to his tv movies (especially dramas and thrillers). In 2001 he shot his first movie for cinema: "Das Experiment" that won several awards in many festivals all around the world. That movie is an intense investigation of the aggressive behaviour in a simulated prison environment.

His second movie, "Mein letzter Film", released in 2002, is a 90 minutes' monologue about a woman in her fifties who wants to re-start his life.

In 2004 "Downfall" was released, his third movie, and till now his greatest success. "Downfall" is about the last 12 days of life of Adolf Hitler narrated out of the sight of her young secretary, Traudl Junge. That movie has stirred up much controversy because it portrays Hitler and the Nazis as human beings and not just as evil.

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):

(8.40) - Der Untergang (2004) 
(7.90) - Das Experiment (2001)
(6.90) - Five Minutes of Heaven (2009)
(6.50) - Mein letzter Film (2002)
(6.00) - The Invasion (2007)
Trade Mark: Hirschbiegel has demonstrated in all his movies to be an specialist of dramas set in claustrophobic environments.
Last Site Favorite Film: Downfall
Upcoming: The School (2010/2011)

Average IMDB Rating: 7.08
Awards: 1
Nominations: 2
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 15
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 16
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 13
Total: 54.08

41. Francois Ozon (France, 1967)

Auteurs Profile:

One of the most provocative and vibrant filmmakers to emerge during the 1990s, French director François Ozon has distinguished himself with dark, mordantly psychological films that draw their impact from Ozon’s frank and often disturbing explorations of transgression and sexuality. Combining wry humor, sensitivity, and subversive insight with a talent for manipulation, Ozon has earned comparisons to Hitchcock and Chabrol, directors whose works have provided ample inspiration for the young director as he has staked out his own, impressive territory in the cinema. Born in Paris in 1967, Ozon became interested in filmmaking at a young age. The son of bourgeois intellectuals, he was influenced by such Hollywood-based European directors as Hitchcock, Max Ophuls, and Jean Renoir, and also found great inspiration in the films of Rainer Werner Fassbinder (one of Fassbinder’s early plays would later inspire Ozon’s Water Drops on Burning Rocks). After earning a master’s degree in cinema, Ozon attended FEMIS, France’s prestigious national film school, and began turning out large numbers of Super 8, video, and 16 mm films. Many of these shorts were screened at various international film festivals or screened on French television, and in 1996 Ozon was awarded the Locarno Film Festival’s Leopard de Demain for A Summer Dress, a winsome short about a young, gay man on holiday with his boyfriend who has a brief fling with a girl and, after losing his clothes, is forced to wear her dress. A Summer Dress would be released in the U.S. the following year alongside Ozon’s first semi-feature-length film, See the Sea. A darkly sexual, elegantly menacing suspense drama about a young mother alone on a seaside holiday who opens her home and life to a sullen young backpacker, the film established its director as a master of composition and psychological manipulation, and announced him as a major new talent.
Ozon followed See the Sea with Sitcom, his first feature-length film, in 1998. The film, which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival, is a black comedy about a seemingly perfect middle-class family that brims with sexual and psychological perversity. More successful was Les Amants Criminels, which followed a year later. Another exercise in sexual brutality and psychological dysfunction, it centers on the experiences of two young murderers who are imprisoned by a nefarious, carnally minded woodsman. Earning comparisons to everything from Natural Born Killers to Bonnie and Clyde, the film strengthened Ozon’s status as the enfant terrible of contemporary French cinema, although it also led some critics to note that this status didn’t guarantee solid work. The director next adapted an early, unproduced play by a then-19-year-old Rainer Werner Fassbinder for his next project, Water Drops on Burning Rocks. A portrait of the dysfunctional relationship between the young, naive Franz, his older, tyrannical lover Leopold, and their respective fiancée and ex-girlfriend, Water was a complex, claustrophobic, resolutely unsentimental love story that ended in tragedy. It enjoyed great popularity, earning a Teddy Award for Best Gay & Lesbian Film at the Berlin International Film Festival, and was enthusiastically embraced by a number of European critics.
For his next feature the director known for his somewhat outrageous and sexually charged films cemented that status with a remarkably somber drama addressing the subjects of death, grieving and the ability to move on with one’s life after losing a dear loved one. Starring Charlotte Rampling as a mournful widow whose husband simply disappears one day while the couple is on holiday, Under the Sand proved a haunting and affecting drama that indicated Ozon’s versitility may stretch much further than some critics may have given him credit for. Nominated for Best Actress, Best Director and Best Film at the 2002 Cesar Awards, Under the Sand marked a newfound maturity that signaled great things to come from the director. Of course predictability is a concept that seemingly doesn’t exist in Ozon’s celluliod universe, and for his next feature the director performed a cinematic about face with a campy musical mystery involving murder and an isolated house overflowing with suspect characters. Overflowing with an unprecedented cast of French film legends including Fanny Ardant, Emmanuelle Beart, Danielle Darrieux, Catherine Denuve, Isabelle Huppert, Virgine Ledoyen, Firmine Richard and Ludivine Sagnier, 8 Women proved an enjoyable take on the overexagerrated Hollywood musicals of yesteryear. If stateside audiences had yet to discover Ozon, all of that would change with the release of Swimming Pool in 2003. Reuniting Ozon with Under the Sand star Rampling, the mysterious tale of a repressed older woman confronted by the carefree abandon of youth in a remote sitting may have indeed evoked memories of See the Sea, though Swimming Pool would opt to take the horrors of Ozon’s earlier work in an entirely new and unexpected direction. While Swimming Pool may not have displayed the rich decadence of Criminal Lovers or the deeply moving drama of Under the Sand, the film ultimately treaded a comfortable middle ground between the two and offered a noteworthy introduction to his his work for the uninitiated.

Filmography (By IMDB Votes):

(7.19) - Le temps qui reste (2005)
(7.19) - Sous le sable (2000)
(7.00) - 8 femmes (2002)
(6.96) - Une robe d'été (1996)
(6.84) - Un lever de rideau (2006)
(6.80) - Swimming Pool (2003)
(6.78) - Regarde la mer (1997)
(6.74) - La petite mort (1995)
(6.70) - 5x2 (2004)
(6.58) - Le refuge (2009)
(6.50) - Les amants criminels (1999)
(6.48) - Action vérité (1994)
(6.30) - Sitcom (1998)
(6.27) - Photo de famille (1988)
(6.22) - Scènes de lit (1998)
(6.22) - X2000 (1998)
(6.03) - Ricky (2009)
(6.01) - Angel (2007/I)

Trade Mark: His movies are usually characterized by sharp satirical wit and a freewheeling view on human sexuality.His favorite director is Rainer Werner Fassbinder.

Last Site Favorite Film: 5x2
Upcoming: Potiche (2010)

Average IMDB Rating: 6.62
Awards: 2
Nominations: 10
Style (LastSite Rating out of 20) 14
Originality (LastSite Rating out of 20) 12
Filmography (LastSite Rating out of 20): 11
Total: 55.62

 


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